Hardness conversion and engineering converters.
Convert between Rockwell C (HRC), Brinell (HB) and Vickers (HV) hardness with an approximate tensile strength, and convert length, weight, pressure and stress units used on drawings, purchase orders and mill test certificates.
Specify with confidence.
Your daily calculations and material references, in one place.
01 / Calculate stock weight
02 / Find a grade
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Search by Indian, American, European, German, British, Japanese or Chinese designation. Review available designation leads, chemistry, mechanical properties and typical uses. Nearest grades are not automatically interchangeable.
Find nearest grades from a composition
Grade not available? Press “Find other nearest grades” under any composition above, or paste a composition here: a row copied from this toolkit, a spreadsheet, a standard, or a mill certificate.
Full gauge table
SWG (British Standard Wire Gauge, BS 3737) is used for sheet and wire; BWG (Birmingham Wire Gauge) for tube walls. Weights are for 1 m² of steel sheet at 7.85 g/cm³.
Paste the chemistry from a mill test certificate. The checker tests it against every grade and shows which ones it meets, nearly meets or misses, element by element.
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Add a buyer’s specification (check heats against your customer’s own limits)
CEV (IIW) = C + Mn/6 + (Cr+Mo+V)/5 + (Ni+Cu)/15. Pcm = C + Si/30 + (Mn+Cu+Cr)/20 + Ni/60 + Mo/15 + V/10 + 5B.
Limits are heat (ladle) analysis in wt%, from the first standard listed for each grade; where limits change with thickness, the thinnest bracket is used. This is a screening aid, not a certificate of conformity. Final acceptance depends on the standard edition, product analysis tolerances, mechanical tests and the purchase order.
Theoretical weight from nominal size and density. Actual weight varies within mill tolerances.
Pressure figures are inherited equation estimates, not certified ratings, hydrotest instructions or engineering approval. Confirm allowable stress, temperature, fabrication factors, corrosion and the governing code with a qualified engineer.
Pressure estimate screening only · straight-pipe equation assumptions
S is filled with the B31.3 allowable at ≤38 °C (100 °F): the lesser of UTS/3 and ⅔ of yield. For higher temperatures, type the code allowable at your design temperature. Both results below use the minimum wall (nominal minus mill tolerance minus corrosion allowance).
Show the full schedule table
5S, 10S, 40S and 80S per ASME B36.19M (stainless). Sch 10, 20, 40, 80, 160, STD, XS and XXS per ASME B36.10M (carbon and alloy). Up to 10", 40S = STD = Sch 40 and 80S = XS = Sch 80. Weights are theoretical.
Pressure ratings are an engineering estimate, not a design approval. B31.3 MAWP = 2·S·E·W·t ÷ (D − 2·Y·t), with W = 1.0 and Y = 0.4 (valid for t < D/6 and below the creep range). Barlow = 2·Sy·t ÷ D ÷ safety factor, a quick yield-based check. Flanges, fittings, valves and branch connections often rate lower than the pipe. Have the piping design checked by the responsible engineer.
Full table
Full table, all sizes
Center-to-end and length dimensions per ASME B16.9. Wall thickness and bevel match the pipe schedule ordered. Weights are published approximate weights for carbon steel, STD and XS walls. Stainless butt-weld fittings to MSS SP-43 (5S/10S) are lighter.
| Class | Ends | Matching pipe | Sizes |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2000 | Threaded only | Sch 40 / STD | ⅛" to 4" |
| 3000 | Socket weld and threaded | Sch 80 / XS | ⅛" to 4" |
| 6000 | Socket weld and threaded | Sch 160 | ⅛" to 2" (threaded to 4") |
| 9000 | Socket weld only | XXS | ½" to 2" |
Match the fitting class to the pipe schedule: a Class 3000 fitting on Sch 160 pipe is the weak point of the line. Threads are NPT (ASME B1.20.1) unless BSP is ordered. Unions are to MSS SP-83, swage nipples to MSS SP-95, branch outlets (weldolet, sockolet, threadolet) to MSS SP-97. Detailed B16.11 dimensions are being added after independent checking.
Length
Weight
Pressure / stress
Temperature
Hardness and tensile strength (approximate, carbon and alloy steel)
Type any one value. Hardness scales per ASTM E140 Table 1; approximate tensile strength per ASTM A370 Table 3 / SAE J417, for carbon and alloy steels in the annealed, normalised or quenched-and-tempered condition. Not valid for austenitic stainless, cold-worked material or non-ferrous metals. Expect ±10% on tensile.
Show the full hardness–tensile table
Aluminium tempers (what the letters mean)
- F
- As fabricated, no property guarantee
- O
- Fully annealed, softest and most formable
- H1x
- Strain hardened only (H12 quarter hard, H14 half hard, H16 three-quarter hard, H18 full hard)
- H2x
- Strain hardened, then partially annealed (H22, H24, H26)
- H3x
- Strain hardened and stabilised, used for 5xxx alloys (H32, H34, H38)
- H111 / H116 / H321
- 5xxx marine tempers; H116 and H321 are tested for exfoliation corrosion
- T3
- Solution treated, cold worked, naturally aged (2024-T3)
- T4
- Solution treated and naturally aged
- T5
- Cooled from extrusion and artificially aged (6063-T5)
- T6
- Solution treated and artificially aged: peak strength (6061-T6, 7075-T6)
- Tx51 / Tx511
- Stress relieved by stretching (T651 plate, T6511 extrusions): stable when machined
- T73 / T7351 / T76
- Over-aged for stress-corrosion resistance (7075-T7351)
- T8
- Solution treated, cold worked, artificially aged
My requirement list
Add items from the calculator, pipe schedules or grade finder. Send the list to Steel Impex India, or download it as a PDF estimate to share with your team. The list is saved on this device.
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Frequently asked questions
Is hardness conversion exact?
No. Conversions between hardness scales are approximate (ASTM E140 tables) and depend on the material. Use them for comparison, and test on the scale your specification requires.
How do you estimate tensile strength from hardness?
For steels, tensile strength in MPa is roughly 3.3 to 3.5 times the Brinell hardness. The converter uses tabulated values for carbon and alloy steels.